Identification of microorganisms associated with the soil, substrate and water of a Cannabis sativa L. production system.

Identificación de microorganismos asociados al suelo, sustrato y agua de un sistema productivo de Cannabis sativa L.

The crop of medicinal cannabis has developed great importance in recent years in Colombia and other Latin American countries. Considering the production characteristics of the crop, which is fundamentally based on organic models, it is important to know the microorganisms that accompany the production system and their possible implications for management. In this research were isolated and characterized the microorganisms in the different phases of production of a high-density cannabis crop: planting, or propagation areas, production areas, and postharvest areas (flower pre-drying). In each area samples of soil, substrates and water were taken and the microorganisms present were identified by direct sowing in culture media, using microscopic identification and molecular characterization. A high diversity was found in all production areas, and it was evidenced that beneficial microorganisms (Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp.) applied to the production system regulate the populations of microorganisms in the soil and in the substrates. It was identified that perlite and coconut fiber allow the development of populations of phosphorus solubilizing and nitrogen fixing microorganisms and that the production of compost using crop waste is safe at a sanitary level. No populations of pathogens were identified in any of the samples evaluated at levels that could explain the presence of diseases in the crop.

1. André, C. M., Hausman, J. F., and Guerriero, G. 2016. Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules. Frontiers in Plant Science Feb 4;7:19. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00019
2. Adesina, I., Bhowmik, A., Sharma, H,. and Shahbazi, A. 2020. A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States. Agriculture. 2020; 10(4):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040129
3. Amendola, G., Bocca, B., Picardo, V., Pelosi, P., Battistini, B., Ruggieri, F., Attard Barbini, D., De Vita, D., Madia, V.N., Messore, A., Di Santo, R. and Costi, R. 2021. Toxicological aspects of cannabinoid, pesticide and metal levels detected in light Cannabis inflorescences grown in Italy. Food Chem Toxicol. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112447
4. Becerra, J. M., Quintero, D., Martínez, M. y Matiz, A. 2011. Caracterización de microorganismos solubilizadores de fosfato aislados de suelos destinados al cultivo de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.). Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas 5(2): 195-208.
5. Betancur, L. 2018. Actinobacterias marinas como fuente de compuestos con actividad biológica para el control de fitopatógenos. Tesis Doctorado en Ciencias – Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
6. Bernstein, N., Gorelick, J. Z. R. and Koch, S. 2019. Impact of N, P, K, and Humic Acid Supplementation on the Chemical Profile of Medical Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L). Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00736
7. Braga, R. M., Dourado, M. N. and Araújo, W. L. 2016. Microbial interactions: ecology in a molecular perspective. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 47: 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.005
8. Cabral, J. P. S. 2010. Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7(10): 3657–3703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7103657
9. Cao, G., Song, T., Shen, Y., Jin, Q., Feng, W., Fan, L. and Cai, W. 2019. Diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in wheat straw compost for agaricus bisporus cultivation. HortScience 54(1): 100–109. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13598-18
10. Chandra, S., Lata, H. and ElSohly, M. A. 2020. Propagation of Cannabis for clinical research: an approach towards a modern herbal medicinal products development. Frontiers in plant science, 11, 958. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00958
11. Chandra, S., Lata, H., Khan, I. A. and ElSohly, M. A. 2011. Temperature response of photosynthesis in different drug and fiber varieties of Cannabis sativa L. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 17 (3), 297–303. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12298-011-0068-4
12. Chandra, S., Lata, H., Mehmedic, Z., Khan, I. A. and ElSohly, M. A. 2010. Assessment of cannabinoids content in micropropagated plants of Cannabis sativa L., and their comparison with conventionally propagated plants and mother plant during developmental stages of growth. Planta Med. 76, 743–750. https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0029-1240628
13. Christian, K.A., Brice, V.M., Nicaise, M.S., Doria, K.M. and Etienne, N. 2019. The Genus Lysinibacillus : Versatile Phenotype and Promising Future. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 8(1): 1238–1242. https://doi.org/10.21275/ART20194281
14. Chandna, P., Nain, L., Singh, S. and Kuhad, R. C. 2013. Assessment of bacterial diversity during composting of agricultural byproducts. BMC Microbiology 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-99
15. De Corato, U. 2020. Disease-suppressive compost enhances natural soil suppressiveness against soil-borne plant pathogens: A critical review. Rhizosphere 13(November 2019): 100192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2020.100192
16. De Lima Procópio, R. E., da Silva, I. R., Martins, M. K., de Azevedo, J. L. and de Araújo, J. M. 2012. Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 16(5): 466–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014
17. Ding, J., Jiang, X., Guan, D., Zhao, B., Ma, M., Zhou, B. and Li, J. 2017. Influence of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure application on fungal communities in a long-term field experiment of Chinese Mollisols. Applied Soil Ecology 111: 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.12.003
18. Filippidou, S., Wunderlin, T., Junier, T., Jeanneret, N., Dorador, C., Molina, V., Johnson, D.R. and Junier, P.A. 2016. Combination of extreme environmental conditions favor the prevalence of endospore-forming firmicutes. Front Microbiol. 2016 Nov 3;7:1707. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01707
19. Fincheira, P. and Quiroz, A. 2018. Microbial volatiles as plant growth inducers. Microbiological Research, 208(January): 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2018.01.002
20. Fira, D., Dimkić, I., Berić, T., Lozo, J. and Stanković, S. 2018. Biological control of plant pathogens by Bacillus species. Journal of biotechnology 285: 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.044
21. Griffith, G. W. and Shaw, D. S. 1998. Polymorphisms in Phytophthora infestans: Four mitochondrial haplotypes are detected after PCR amplification of DNA from pure cultures or from host lesions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64(10): 4007–4014. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.10.4007-4014.1998
22. Gupta, A. and Gopal, M. 2016. eneficial microorganisms in coconut based cropping / farming systems. Conference: National Seminar on ‘Plantation based cropping system for improving livelihood security’ At: ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute Kasaragod – 671124, Kerala, India. disponible en: https://journal.coconutcommunity.org/index.php/journalicc/article/view/274
23. Jacoby, R., Peukert, M., Succurro, A., Koprivova, A. and Kopriva, S. 2017. The role of soil microorganisms in plant mineral nutrition-current knowledge and future directions. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 1617. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01617
24. Karim, N. F. A., Mohd, M., Nor, N. M. I. M. and Zakaria, L. 2016. Saprophytic and potentially pathogenic fusarium species from peat soil in perak and pahang. Tropical Life Sciences Research 27(1): 1–20.
25. Langvad, F. 1980. A simple and rapid method for qualitative and quantitative study of the fungal flora of leaves. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 26(6): 666-670. https://doi.org/10.1139/m80-116
26. López, M., Martínez Viera, R., Brossard Fabré, M. and Toro, M. 2010. Capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico de cepas nativas de agroecosistemas venezolanos. Agronomía Tropical 60(4): 355-362.
27. Mcpartland, J. M. 2019. A review of Cannabis diseases. Journal of the International Hemp Association 3(1): 19–23.
28. Montoya, Z., Conroy, M., Vanden Heuvel, B.D., Pauli, C.S. and Park SH. 2020. Cannabis contaminants limit pharmacological use of cannabidiol. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Sep 11;11:571832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.571832
29. Nakkeeran, S., Vinodkumar, S., Priyanka, R., & Renukadevi, P. 2018. Mode of Action of Trichoderma Spp. in Biological Control of Plant Diseases. Biocontrol of Soil Borne Pathogens and Nematodes 81–95.
30. O'Toole G. A. 2016. Classic Spotlight: How the Gram Stain Works. Journal of bacteriology, 198(23): 3128. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00726-16
31. Pagnani, G., Pellegrini, M., Galieni, A., D’Egidio, S., Matteucci, F., Ricci, A. and Del Gallo, M. 2018. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Cannabis sativa ‘Finola’ cultivation: An alternative fertilization strategy to improve plant growth and quality characteristics. Industrial Crops and Products 123(June): 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.033
32. Punja Z. K. 2021. Emerging diseases of Cannabis sativa and sustainable management. Pest management science, 77(9), 3857–3870. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6307
33. Punja, Z. K., Collyer, D., Scott, C., Lung, S., Holmes, J. and Sutton, D. 2019. Pathogens and Molds Affecting Production and Quality of Cannabis sativa L. Frontiers in Plant Science 10(October): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01120
34. Punja, Z. K. 2018. Flower and foliage-infecting pathogens of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) plants. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 40(4): 514–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2018.1535467
35. Ramírez, J. 2019. La Industria del Cannabis Medicinal en Colombia. Fedesarollo. p61. consultado: https://www.repository.fedesarrollo.org.co/bitstream/handle/11445/3823/Repor_Diciembre_2019_Ram%c3%adrez.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
36. Sharafi, G., He, H. and Nikfarjam, M. 2019. Potential use of cannabinoids for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. J. Pancreat. Cancer 5, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/pancan.2018.0019
37. Sutton, J., Sopher, C., Going, N., Liu, W., Grodzinski, B., Hall, J. and Benchimol, R. 2006. Etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in hydroponic crops: current knowledge and perspectives. Summa Phytopathologica. 32.
38. Taghinasab, M. and Suha, J. 2020. "Cannabis microbiome and the role of endophytes in modulating the production of secondary metabolites: an overview" Microorganisms 8, no. 3: 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030355
39. Umadevi, P., Anandaraj, M., Srivastav, V. and Benjamin, S. 2018. Trichoderma harzianum MTCC 5179 impacts the population and functional dynamics of microbial community in the rhizosphere of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 49(3): 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.011
40. Villarreal-Delgado, M. F., Villa-Rodríguez, E. D., Cira-Chávez, L. A., Estrada-Alvarado, M. I., Parra-Cota, F. I. y Santos-Villalobos, S. 2018. El género Bacillus como agente de control biológico y sus implicaciones en la bioseguridad agrícola. Revista mexicana de fitopatología 36(1): 95-130. https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.1706-5
41. Yadav, A. N., Verma, P., Kumar, V., Sangwan, P., Mishra, S., Panjiar, N., Gupta, V. K. and Saxena, A. K. 2017. Biodiversity of the genus penicillium in different habitats. In New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Penicillium System Properties and Applications (pp. 3-18). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63501-3.00001-6
42. Zuardi, A. 2006. History of cannabis as a medicine: a review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry [online]. v. 28, n. 2, pp. 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462006000200015
43. Zheng, X., Wang, Z. and Zhu, Y. 2020. Effects of a microbial restoration substrate on plant growth and rhizosphere bacterial community in a continuous tomato cropping greenhouse. Sci Rep 10, 13729. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70737-0