Potencial de Stenotrophomonas maltophilia para la biodegradación de hidrocarburos y metales pesados. Una revisión sistemática con meta-análisis

Potential of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons and heavy metals. A systematic review with meta-analysis

La contaminación de ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos por sustancias tóxicas como hidrocarburos y metales pesados, manipulados en gran medida en actividades fundamentales para la economía mundial, actualmente, se constituye como una de las problemáticas ambientales crecientes más graves y peligrosas para la salud humana y ambiental. Los hidrocarburos se generan en grandes cantidades por la quema incompleta de materia orgánica, llegando inevitablemente al suelo y al agua para luego, debido a sus propiedades, bioacumularse causando graves daños a los seres vivos. Por otro lado, los metales pesados, muy útiles en la industria, especialmente en la minería, cuando se acumulan en el suelo y en el agua en altas concentraciones, causan diferentes daños tanto en plantas como en humanos y animales. El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar cómo ha aumentado en los últimos años la utilización de Stenotrophomonas maltophilia en investigaciones relacionadas a la biorremediación de ecosistemas contaminados con estas sustancias. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un meta-análisis en dos periodos de tiempo consecutivos de quince años, el primero comprendido entre 1990 y 2005, y el segundo entre 2006 y 2021; al aplicar unos criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron determinadas publicaciones con el objetivo de analizar la evolución en la investigación sobre la capacidad de S. maltophilia para la biodegradación de hidrocarburos y metales pesados. Resultados: Al seleccionar las publicaciones, se evidenció que el estudio del potencial de biodegradación de S. maltophilia aumentó notablemente en el segundo periodo de tiempo, muy probablemente, debido al crecimiento de la problemática ambiental y al creciente impacto del aprovechamiento de las características metabólicas de los microorganismos para diferentes fines en los últimos años.

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